Drivers R-quest Printers
2021年6月17日Download here: http://gg.gg/v16e1
1 Used & Working R-Quest H-3000 220 DVD/CD Printer Auto Loader w/Flashjet 4800. Original Windows StartUp disk for HP DesignJet 70 Printers.Drivers,Manuals,DVD.
Here we will try to explain in simple terms what are CD-Rs and how they are made and used.
Duplication Hardware and Printers Robotic Systems Duplication Hardware and Printers Robotic Systems Up to 300 Disc Capacity Duplication Hardware and Printers CD and DVD Printers Duplication Hardware and Printers Sort by Brand Name R-Quest Duplication Hardware and Printers Sort by Brand Name. Primera Inscripta Thermal Printer. The Inscripta Thermal CD Printer offers an impressive range of features to anyone who duplicates CD-Rs and DVD±Rs. As one of the world’s fastest CD printers, Inscripta keeps pace with even the most demanding production schedules. Printer Options. Whether you create your labels using the TrueNet Label editor, or use the Label Editor to convert artwork you prepared with other programs, print quality optimization controls are available in the Printer Setup menu. Try different Print 4080 settings. Call us now for pricing or book a demo on Select flaahjet valid country.
What is CD-Recordable?
CD-Recordable (or CD-R) stands for Compact Disc Recordable. It is a technology through which a blank compact disc, a CD-R, is converted into an audio CD or a conventional CD-ROM. The finished ’burned’ CD is capable of being read in any CD drive of a computer, or a stand alone CD player (for audio). This is done by means of a recording system that uses write once (WORM) optical discs standardized by Philips and Sony, and a CD recording device that is connected to a host system. The recording process is controlled by software incorporated into the subsystem. All CD-Rs are governed by the ’Orange Book, Part II’ standard and must conform to a specific set of standards regardless of the manufacturer.
What is the ’Orange Book’?
The ’Orange Book’ is a document that describes the specifications for CD-Write Once (CD-R) technology developed by Philips and Sony. It defines both the physical structure and physical dimensions of a CD-R disc as well as the use of certain portions of the recording surface to calibrate the recorder laser power, to record lead-in and lead-out data and to record the program actual data. There are several parts to the ’Orange Book, Part II’ reference to CD-R.
What does ’Orange Book’ certified media mean, and why?
The ’Orange Book, Part II’ is the primary specification for CD-R media. Accordingly, all CD-R media must meet the ’Orange Book’ criteria for recordability and playback. Philips and Sony, the originators of the ’Orange Book’, provide ’Orange Book’ certification of CD-R media.
What is multisession CD?
The principal purpose of multiple sessions is to allow additional data to be appended to a previously recorded disc. (Note that some older CD readers can read only the first session of a multisession disc.) A session is defined as a data section including lead-in, program data and lead-out. A CD-R recorder that supports multisession can write a disc that will have multiple sessions linked together so that any multisession supported CD reader can access the data, whether it was written in the first session or any other subsequent session. The ’Orange Book’ limits the number of sessions per disc to 99. In contrast, the data structure of a regular CD-ROM contains just one lead-in area and one lead-out area.
What is the recording speed of CD-R?
The ’speed’ measurement of a CD recorder is how fast it can record data to blank CD-R media. Speed designators such as ’2x’, ’4x’, ’8x’, ’12x’and ’16x’are multiples of the original playback speeds of first generation CD-ROM players. For a CD-ROM player or CD recorder, a ’1x’ speed translates to 153,600 bytes per second. This is usually rounded down to 150 kb per second. Therefore, a ’1x’ recorder writes 150 kb per second to the CD-R media. Likewise, a ’2x’ recorder writes at 300 kb per second, a ’4x’ records at 600 kb per second, a ’8x’ records at 1200 kb per second, a ’12x’ records at 1800 kb per second and a ’16x’ records at 2400 kb per second. Note that there are some variations in measuring speed because there are recording modes that provide more than 2048 data bytes per frame (audio is recorded at 2352 bytes per frame). Also note that some CD recorders have a different reading speed than their rated recording speed. For instance, the TrueCopy 24S/16S recorder can write at ’24x’ speed and read back at ’40x’ speed (usually used to verify what was written).
What is the difference between CD-R ’fixation’ and ’finalization’?
’Fixation’ is the process of writing the lead-in and lead-out information to the disc. This process finishes a writing session and creates a table of contents. ’Fixation’ is required for a CD-ROM or CD-Audio player to play the disc. Discs which are ’fixated for append’ can have additional sessions recorded, with their own session lead-in and lead-out, creating a multisession disc. On the other hand, when a disc is ’finalized’ the absolute lead-in and lead-out for the entire disc is written, along with information which tells the reader not to look for subsequent sessions. This final table of contents (TOC) conforms to the ISO 9660 standard, or the recent UDF protocol.
What is Disc-at-Once?
Disc-at-Once is a writing mode that requires lead-in, program data and lead-out to be written in one (1) write event. Another name for this is ’Single Session’ recording. All of the necessary information you wish to record needs to be staged on your computer hard disk prior to recording in the Disc-at-Once mode. This mode is usually necessary for discs that are sent to a CD replication facility for CD-ROM replication where the CD-R is the original source. By recording in the Disc-at-Once mode, you eliminate the linking, run-in and run-out blocks associated with multisession and packet recording modes which often are interpreted as ’uncorrectable’ (E32) errors during the glass mastering process.
What is Track-at-Once?
Track-at-Once is a writing mode that allows a session to be written in a number of discrete write events. The disc may be removed from the writer and read in another writer (given proper software) before the session is fixated. The sessions written contain complete ’tracks’ of information. Be aware that your writer and software application for writing CD-Rs must specify they are capable of writing in Track-at-Once mode, or any other mode for that matter.
What is incremental or ’packet’ writing?
Track-at-Once writing is a form of incremental write which mandates a minimum track length of 300 blocks and a maximum of 99 tracks per disc. A Track-at-Once written track has 150 blocks of overhead for run-in, run-out, pre-gap and linking. However, ’packet’ writing is a method whereby several write events are allowed within a track, thus reducing overhead. These ’packets’ are bounded by 7 blocks for run-in (4), run-out (2) and link (1).
What’s the difference between a ’multisession’ disc and a ’multitrack’ disc?
A ’session’ is a unity on a CD which is bounded by lead-in and lead-out. A session contains one or several tracks (up to 99 per disc). There are two types of tracks. A ’Red Book’ (also developed by Sony and Philips) audio track is usually written in Disc-at-Once mode along with several other tracks in one session. These tracks have index numbers in the sub channel which differentiate one from another. The other type of track is the incrementally written type described above.
What is the production process for CD-R?
CD-R manufacturing is similar to pressed CD injection molding with a few differences. The glass master used to make the stamper for the injection molding machine contains a wobbled pre-groove defined in the ’Orange Book’. The molded substrates are spin coated with a proprietary dye that each manufacturer has developed. On top of this, a gold or silver reflective coat is added by means of vacuum deposition and this is followed by a spin coat of lacquer protection. Additionally, some CD-R manufacturers then add extra layers such as scratch protection to increase durability as well as a printable surface for use in inkjet printers.
Is there really any difference between blank discs from different manufacturers?
Obviously, there are going to be some differences simply because the discs have been manufactured in different factories using different equipment. However, all discs conform to the recording specifications of the ’Orange Book, Part II’. In that regard, all blank discs should work in your recorder. But unfortunately, they do not. You should check with your recorder manufacturer for specific recommendations.
Why are different manufacturers’ discs different in dye color?
The dye color of the CD-R disc is related to the color of the specific dye that was used in their recording layer of the disc. This base dye color is modified when the reflective coating is added. Some of the dye and reflective coating combinations appear green, some appear blue, while others appear gold. Visual differences between various media types are irrelevant from the standpoint of their actual operation -- it’s the dye that matters.
Why does it matter what dye is used to make the CD-Recordable?
The dye formulation used in a CD-R is perhaps the most critical factor in the disc’s performance. All manufacturers use one of these dye’s ’Phthalocyanine’ dye, ’Cyanine’ or ’Azo’.
What are the differences between cyanine, phthalocyanine and azo dyes?
There are a number of important recording characteristics associated with each dye and reflectivity coating combination as well as some longevity issues. Each media manufacturer strives to balance the engineering characteristics of the dye to insure greater compatibility with recorders and readers and long archive life. In addition to cyanine and phthalocyanine, there is also azo dye. Cyanine dye and its metal-stabilized derivatives were originally used because the ’Orange Book, Part II’ referred to the recording characteristics of cyanine-based dyes in establishing CD-Recordable standards. Consequently, dyes based on cyanine tend to have a wide range of acceptable recording power levels and recording speeds. The ’Phthalocyanine’ dye is a much more stable dye tolerating exposure to light, heat and humidity. Thus, after recording longevity and reliability have been improved. Azo dye has been used in other optical recording media and is now being used in CD-R. These different dyes in combination with dye thickness, reflectivity thickness, materials, and groove structure is what enhances or compromises the media’s recording speed, recording power and media longevity.
What is the difference between 74 and 80 minute media, they look the same to me? If I have small data sets, is there any reason that I should use 74 minute media instead of 80 minute media?
74 minute and 80 minute CD-R media are recorded at different speeds giving you the ability to record more data on the 80 minute media. Very early generation CD recorders specified the use of 74 minute media as their standard, but current generation recorders can handle either. In the past you may have been able to save a small amount of money by using 74 minute media. However, since current manufacturing processes preclude any differences between the costs of 74 minute and 80 minute media, most CD-R media suppliers offer 80 minute media at the same price as 74 minute media. Consequently, 74 minute media will eventually be eliminated.
Why do some CD-R suppliers indicate the capacity as 680 mb while others designate their media as 650 mb?
There are really only two capacities on CD-R: 74 minute and 80 minute. These ’time’ capacities can be translated to bytes of data by multiplying the CD delivery rate of 75 frames per second and 60 seconds per minute. Each frame is 2048 bytes, so a 74 minute CD-R disc contains 333,000 frames and 681,984,000 bytes. This translates to 650 mb (remember to divide by 1024 to convert bytes to kb and divide again by 1024 to convert kb to mb). Likewise, the 80 minute CD-R holds 360,000 frames or 737,280,000 bytes which is approximately 720 mb .
Sometimes you will also see a disc capacity rated as 780 mb. This refers to how much digital audio (PCM) data can be carried on the disc. Audio discs require less error correction data and so each frame has 2352 bytes of data giving a 74 minute disc 783,216,000 bytes of digital audio (PCM) data or 746 mb capacity.
I’ve heard that 74-minute discs are more reliable than 80-minute discs. Is this true, and if so, why?
Today’s CD-R media, whether 74 minute or 80 minute capacity are equally reliable. Several years ago, the 74 minute may have appeared more reliable because some recorders were tuned to that media capacity. The 74 minute media records less data into the same real estate than 80 minute media. The recorded features are larger and this obviously results in better ’system margins’ and robustness for the CD reader. However, the reliability of 80 minute media has been improved to the point where this is no longer a concern. The 80 minute standard is firmly established and all the recording devices can reliably record to it.
How can you tell if some media is better than other media?
Several service bureaus and some of the CD quality analyzer manufacturers can run your recorded disc through their equipment and provide you with qualitative error reports that will help you compare media. Note, however, that you also need to account for differences in recording conditions, handling, recording software, the recorder and its firmware version etc. as well as the batch and type of media you use. Also note that there can be substantial variability in the test results obtained from commercial testing equipment, so your media testing should be done on the same piece of CD test equipment and the measured results will be relative not absolute.
Is it necessary to verify discs after recording?
Periodic verification of your recordings helps you maintain an appropriate quality level. If you never verify the data, then sooner or later you will have a problem. An absolute zero defect disc is not possible. All discs have errors. The normal reading process corrects these errors by means of hardware decoders that have error recovery algorithms in them as well as the additional third level of error correction contained in a CD-ROM/CD-R data stream that corrects faulty data through software. You should verify the data and learn how to use a CD quality analysis tool to determine that the quality of the recording is within the specification limits for errors.
I can read the CD-R disc on my CD-R drive, but when I put it into a CD-ROM drive it won’t play. What should I check?
The most common reason for this is that the disc has not been ’finalized’ by the recording software making it unreadable by the CD-ROM reader. The finalization process is the last part of the multisession recording process which writes the overall disc table of contents into the disc lead-in area which makes the disc conform to the ISO 9660 standard, or UDF protocol, required by most reader and reader driver software.
My CD replicator tells me that their analyzers show that my CD-R master discs have errors, but before I send the plant any disc, I play them on a variety of CD players. I have never noticed a problem before, so how can I check if there are any errors before I send out my master disc?
There are desktop CD analyzers as well as software that will read your disc to determine the extent of Block Error Rates (BLER) and Burst Error Rates (BUR) on your disc. All of these hardware and software solutions will tell you if E32 errors exist on the disc. Hardware solutions will also tell you the error counts for less serious errors (El-E22).
What are E32 errors?
Errors that are ’uncorrectable’ by the CD-ROM reader CIRC circuits. However, these errors are usually correctable by the third level of error correction contained within the data stream. The correction process is usually referred to as interpolation which literally is a ’guessing game’ performed by the playback device to fill in the ’missing’ ones and zeros. Obviously, the less E32 errors the better.
One plant rejected my CD-R master disc because their analyzer reported errors. I then sent the same disc to another plant, and they accepted it. Do different plants have different analyzers that give different results?
Yes, the CD factories do have different analyzers. An analyzer is only as good as the CD reader inside it and this assumes that it is calibrated to the Philips B5 Reference Disc. More than likely, the plant that accepted your disc pulled off the data and re-premastered it to another CD-R or Exabyte tape for mastering. They also charged you for the service.
Will discs written at ’4x’, ’6x’, etc be readable on ’1x’ and ’2x’ drives?
Yes. The recording speed is independent of the playback speed.
Is ’4x’ thru ’12x’ recording covered by the ’Orange Book, Part II’ specification?
Revision 2.0 of the ’Orange Book’ only covers ’1x’ and ’2x’ recording speeds. However, The ’Orange Book Study Group’ in Japan (OSJ) is currently revising the ’Orange Book’ to cover higher speed recording.
I’ve heard that burning a CD-R at higher speeds is better than single speed recording. Is this true, and if so, why?
There is some truth to this. The physics, chemistry and thermodynamics of the recording process seem to produce more consistent and readable marks within the CD-R recording layer when recording is ’2x’ or higher. This may be due to the annealing process of pit formation at ’1x’ where the heat caused by the laser remains focused on the pit for too long. Newer recorders and media are tuned better for the HIGHEST recording speed specified by the manufacturer.
If I record a disc at ’2x’ on a ’8x’ recorder will it make a better copy?
The CD recorder manufacturers that provide ’8x’ recording capability also make recommendations regarding the type of PC you need to successfully record CD-R media, as well as the type of CD-R media that you should use in their CD recorder. If you follow these recommendations, the speed that you record (’2x’ thru ’8x’) produces an identical CD. If your PC system can not support the data throughput required to drive the CD recorder at its rated speed, then recording at ’2x’ speed is the only way that you can proceed to make your CD.
What does ’4x’ certified mean?
The first CD recorder manufacturer to produce a ’4x’ speed recorder was Yamaha and they actively encouraged the CD-R media manufacturers to produce media capable of recording at the ’4x’ recording speed. CD-R media capable of recording at ’4x’ speed were designated ’4x certified’. Today, most of the media can be, and should be, recorded at the HIGHEST speed as improvements to the media are considered industry standards.
Do discs really need to be ’high speed certified’ to work in a quad-spe
https://diarynote.indered.space
1 Used & Working R-Quest H-3000 220 DVD/CD Printer Auto Loader w/Flashjet 4800. Original Windows StartUp disk for HP DesignJet 70 Printers.Drivers,Manuals,DVD.
Here we will try to explain in simple terms what are CD-Rs and how they are made and used.
Duplication Hardware and Printers Robotic Systems Duplication Hardware and Printers Robotic Systems Up to 300 Disc Capacity Duplication Hardware and Printers CD and DVD Printers Duplication Hardware and Printers Sort by Brand Name R-Quest Duplication Hardware and Printers Sort by Brand Name. Primera Inscripta Thermal Printer. The Inscripta Thermal CD Printer offers an impressive range of features to anyone who duplicates CD-Rs and DVD±Rs. As one of the world’s fastest CD printers, Inscripta keeps pace with even the most demanding production schedules. Printer Options. Whether you create your labels using the TrueNet Label editor, or use the Label Editor to convert artwork you prepared with other programs, print quality optimization controls are available in the Printer Setup menu. Try different Print 4080 settings. Call us now for pricing or book a demo on Select flaahjet valid country.
What is CD-Recordable?
CD-Recordable (or CD-R) stands for Compact Disc Recordable. It is a technology through which a blank compact disc, a CD-R, is converted into an audio CD or a conventional CD-ROM. The finished ’burned’ CD is capable of being read in any CD drive of a computer, or a stand alone CD player (for audio). This is done by means of a recording system that uses write once (WORM) optical discs standardized by Philips and Sony, and a CD recording device that is connected to a host system. The recording process is controlled by software incorporated into the subsystem. All CD-Rs are governed by the ’Orange Book, Part II’ standard and must conform to a specific set of standards regardless of the manufacturer.
What is the ’Orange Book’?
The ’Orange Book’ is a document that describes the specifications for CD-Write Once (CD-R) technology developed by Philips and Sony. It defines both the physical structure and physical dimensions of a CD-R disc as well as the use of certain portions of the recording surface to calibrate the recorder laser power, to record lead-in and lead-out data and to record the program actual data. There are several parts to the ’Orange Book, Part II’ reference to CD-R.
What does ’Orange Book’ certified media mean, and why?
The ’Orange Book, Part II’ is the primary specification for CD-R media. Accordingly, all CD-R media must meet the ’Orange Book’ criteria for recordability and playback. Philips and Sony, the originators of the ’Orange Book’, provide ’Orange Book’ certification of CD-R media.
What is multisession CD?
The principal purpose of multiple sessions is to allow additional data to be appended to a previously recorded disc. (Note that some older CD readers can read only the first session of a multisession disc.) A session is defined as a data section including lead-in, program data and lead-out. A CD-R recorder that supports multisession can write a disc that will have multiple sessions linked together so that any multisession supported CD reader can access the data, whether it was written in the first session or any other subsequent session. The ’Orange Book’ limits the number of sessions per disc to 99. In contrast, the data structure of a regular CD-ROM contains just one lead-in area and one lead-out area.
What is the recording speed of CD-R?
The ’speed’ measurement of a CD recorder is how fast it can record data to blank CD-R media. Speed designators such as ’2x’, ’4x’, ’8x’, ’12x’and ’16x’are multiples of the original playback speeds of first generation CD-ROM players. For a CD-ROM player or CD recorder, a ’1x’ speed translates to 153,600 bytes per second. This is usually rounded down to 150 kb per second. Therefore, a ’1x’ recorder writes 150 kb per second to the CD-R media. Likewise, a ’2x’ recorder writes at 300 kb per second, a ’4x’ records at 600 kb per second, a ’8x’ records at 1200 kb per second, a ’12x’ records at 1800 kb per second and a ’16x’ records at 2400 kb per second. Note that there are some variations in measuring speed because there are recording modes that provide more than 2048 data bytes per frame (audio is recorded at 2352 bytes per frame). Also note that some CD recorders have a different reading speed than their rated recording speed. For instance, the TrueCopy 24S/16S recorder can write at ’24x’ speed and read back at ’40x’ speed (usually used to verify what was written).
What is the difference between CD-R ’fixation’ and ’finalization’?
’Fixation’ is the process of writing the lead-in and lead-out information to the disc. This process finishes a writing session and creates a table of contents. ’Fixation’ is required for a CD-ROM or CD-Audio player to play the disc. Discs which are ’fixated for append’ can have additional sessions recorded, with their own session lead-in and lead-out, creating a multisession disc. On the other hand, when a disc is ’finalized’ the absolute lead-in and lead-out for the entire disc is written, along with information which tells the reader not to look for subsequent sessions. This final table of contents (TOC) conforms to the ISO 9660 standard, or the recent UDF protocol.
What is Disc-at-Once?
Disc-at-Once is a writing mode that requires lead-in, program data and lead-out to be written in one (1) write event. Another name for this is ’Single Session’ recording. All of the necessary information you wish to record needs to be staged on your computer hard disk prior to recording in the Disc-at-Once mode. This mode is usually necessary for discs that are sent to a CD replication facility for CD-ROM replication where the CD-R is the original source. By recording in the Disc-at-Once mode, you eliminate the linking, run-in and run-out blocks associated with multisession and packet recording modes which often are interpreted as ’uncorrectable’ (E32) errors during the glass mastering process.
What is Track-at-Once?
Track-at-Once is a writing mode that allows a session to be written in a number of discrete write events. The disc may be removed from the writer and read in another writer (given proper software) before the session is fixated. The sessions written contain complete ’tracks’ of information. Be aware that your writer and software application for writing CD-Rs must specify they are capable of writing in Track-at-Once mode, or any other mode for that matter.
What is incremental or ’packet’ writing?
Track-at-Once writing is a form of incremental write which mandates a minimum track length of 300 blocks and a maximum of 99 tracks per disc. A Track-at-Once written track has 150 blocks of overhead for run-in, run-out, pre-gap and linking. However, ’packet’ writing is a method whereby several write events are allowed within a track, thus reducing overhead. These ’packets’ are bounded by 7 blocks for run-in (4), run-out (2) and link (1).
What’s the difference between a ’multisession’ disc and a ’multitrack’ disc?
A ’session’ is a unity on a CD which is bounded by lead-in and lead-out. A session contains one or several tracks (up to 99 per disc). There are two types of tracks. A ’Red Book’ (also developed by Sony and Philips) audio track is usually written in Disc-at-Once mode along with several other tracks in one session. These tracks have index numbers in the sub channel which differentiate one from another. The other type of track is the incrementally written type described above.
What is the production process for CD-R?
CD-R manufacturing is similar to pressed CD injection molding with a few differences. The glass master used to make the stamper for the injection molding machine contains a wobbled pre-groove defined in the ’Orange Book’. The molded substrates are spin coated with a proprietary dye that each manufacturer has developed. On top of this, a gold or silver reflective coat is added by means of vacuum deposition and this is followed by a spin coat of lacquer protection. Additionally, some CD-R manufacturers then add extra layers such as scratch protection to increase durability as well as a printable surface for use in inkjet printers.
Is there really any difference between blank discs from different manufacturers?
Obviously, there are going to be some differences simply because the discs have been manufactured in different factories using different equipment. However, all discs conform to the recording specifications of the ’Orange Book, Part II’. In that regard, all blank discs should work in your recorder. But unfortunately, they do not. You should check with your recorder manufacturer for specific recommendations.
Why are different manufacturers’ discs different in dye color?
The dye color of the CD-R disc is related to the color of the specific dye that was used in their recording layer of the disc. This base dye color is modified when the reflective coating is added. Some of the dye and reflective coating combinations appear green, some appear blue, while others appear gold. Visual differences between various media types are irrelevant from the standpoint of their actual operation -- it’s the dye that matters.
Why does it matter what dye is used to make the CD-Recordable?
The dye formulation used in a CD-R is perhaps the most critical factor in the disc’s performance. All manufacturers use one of these dye’s ’Phthalocyanine’ dye, ’Cyanine’ or ’Azo’.
What are the differences between cyanine, phthalocyanine and azo dyes?
There are a number of important recording characteristics associated with each dye and reflectivity coating combination as well as some longevity issues. Each media manufacturer strives to balance the engineering characteristics of the dye to insure greater compatibility with recorders and readers and long archive life. In addition to cyanine and phthalocyanine, there is also azo dye. Cyanine dye and its metal-stabilized derivatives were originally used because the ’Orange Book, Part II’ referred to the recording characteristics of cyanine-based dyes in establishing CD-Recordable standards. Consequently, dyes based on cyanine tend to have a wide range of acceptable recording power levels and recording speeds. The ’Phthalocyanine’ dye is a much more stable dye tolerating exposure to light, heat and humidity. Thus, after recording longevity and reliability have been improved. Azo dye has been used in other optical recording media and is now being used in CD-R. These different dyes in combination with dye thickness, reflectivity thickness, materials, and groove structure is what enhances or compromises the media’s recording speed, recording power and media longevity.
What is the difference between 74 and 80 minute media, they look the same to me? If I have small data sets, is there any reason that I should use 74 minute media instead of 80 minute media?
74 minute and 80 minute CD-R media are recorded at different speeds giving you the ability to record more data on the 80 minute media. Very early generation CD recorders specified the use of 74 minute media as their standard, but current generation recorders can handle either. In the past you may have been able to save a small amount of money by using 74 minute media. However, since current manufacturing processes preclude any differences between the costs of 74 minute and 80 minute media, most CD-R media suppliers offer 80 minute media at the same price as 74 minute media. Consequently, 74 minute media will eventually be eliminated.
Why do some CD-R suppliers indicate the capacity as 680 mb while others designate their media as 650 mb?
There are really only two capacities on CD-R: 74 minute and 80 minute. These ’time’ capacities can be translated to bytes of data by multiplying the CD delivery rate of 75 frames per second and 60 seconds per minute. Each frame is 2048 bytes, so a 74 minute CD-R disc contains 333,000 frames and 681,984,000 bytes. This translates to 650 mb (remember to divide by 1024 to convert bytes to kb and divide again by 1024 to convert kb to mb). Likewise, the 80 minute CD-R holds 360,000 frames or 737,280,000 bytes which is approximately 720 mb .
Sometimes you will also see a disc capacity rated as 780 mb. This refers to how much digital audio (PCM) data can be carried on the disc. Audio discs require less error correction data and so each frame has 2352 bytes of data giving a 74 minute disc 783,216,000 bytes of digital audio (PCM) data or 746 mb capacity.
I’ve heard that 74-minute discs are more reliable than 80-minute discs. Is this true, and if so, why?
Today’s CD-R media, whether 74 minute or 80 minute capacity are equally reliable. Several years ago, the 74 minute may have appeared more reliable because some recorders were tuned to that media capacity. The 74 minute media records less data into the same real estate than 80 minute media. The recorded features are larger and this obviously results in better ’system margins’ and robustness for the CD reader. However, the reliability of 80 minute media has been improved to the point where this is no longer a concern. The 80 minute standard is firmly established and all the recording devices can reliably record to it.
How can you tell if some media is better than other media?
Several service bureaus and some of the CD quality analyzer manufacturers can run your recorded disc through their equipment and provide you with qualitative error reports that will help you compare media. Note, however, that you also need to account for differences in recording conditions, handling, recording software, the recorder and its firmware version etc. as well as the batch and type of media you use. Also note that there can be substantial variability in the test results obtained from commercial testing equipment, so your media testing should be done on the same piece of CD test equipment and the measured results will be relative not absolute.
Is it necessary to verify discs after recording?
Periodic verification of your recordings helps you maintain an appropriate quality level. If you never verify the data, then sooner or later you will have a problem. An absolute zero defect disc is not possible. All discs have errors. The normal reading process corrects these errors by means of hardware decoders that have error recovery algorithms in them as well as the additional third level of error correction contained in a CD-ROM/CD-R data stream that corrects faulty data through software. You should verify the data and learn how to use a CD quality analysis tool to determine that the quality of the recording is within the specification limits for errors.
I can read the CD-R disc on my CD-R drive, but when I put it into a CD-ROM drive it won’t play. What should I check?
The most common reason for this is that the disc has not been ’finalized’ by the recording software making it unreadable by the CD-ROM reader. The finalization process is the last part of the multisession recording process which writes the overall disc table of contents into the disc lead-in area which makes the disc conform to the ISO 9660 standard, or UDF protocol, required by most reader and reader driver software.
My CD replicator tells me that their analyzers show that my CD-R master discs have errors, but before I send the plant any disc, I play them on a variety of CD players. I have never noticed a problem before, so how can I check if there are any errors before I send out my master disc?
There are desktop CD analyzers as well as software that will read your disc to determine the extent of Block Error Rates (BLER) and Burst Error Rates (BUR) on your disc. All of these hardware and software solutions will tell you if E32 errors exist on the disc. Hardware solutions will also tell you the error counts for less serious errors (El-E22).
What are E32 errors?
Errors that are ’uncorrectable’ by the CD-ROM reader CIRC circuits. However, these errors are usually correctable by the third level of error correction contained within the data stream. The correction process is usually referred to as interpolation which literally is a ’guessing game’ performed by the playback device to fill in the ’missing’ ones and zeros. Obviously, the less E32 errors the better.
One plant rejected my CD-R master disc because their analyzer reported errors. I then sent the same disc to another plant, and they accepted it. Do different plants have different analyzers that give different results?
Yes, the CD factories do have different analyzers. An analyzer is only as good as the CD reader inside it and this assumes that it is calibrated to the Philips B5 Reference Disc. More than likely, the plant that accepted your disc pulled off the data and re-premastered it to another CD-R or Exabyte tape for mastering. They also charged you for the service.
Will discs written at ’4x’, ’6x’, etc be readable on ’1x’ and ’2x’ drives?
Yes. The recording speed is independent of the playback speed.
Is ’4x’ thru ’12x’ recording covered by the ’Orange Book, Part II’ specification?
Revision 2.0 of the ’Orange Book’ only covers ’1x’ and ’2x’ recording speeds. However, The ’Orange Book Study Group’ in Japan (OSJ) is currently revising the ’Orange Book’ to cover higher speed recording.
I’ve heard that burning a CD-R at higher speeds is better than single speed recording. Is this true, and if so, why?
There is some truth to this. The physics, chemistry and thermodynamics of the recording process seem to produce more consistent and readable marks within the CD-R recording layer when recording is ’2x’ or higher. This may be due to the annealing process of pit formation at ’1x’ where the heat caused by the laser remains focused on the pit for too long. Newer recorders and media are tuned better for the HIGHEST recording speed specified by the manufacturer.
If I record a disc at ’2x’ on a ’8x’ recorder will it make a better copy?
The CD recorder manufacturers that provide ’8x’ recording capability also make recommendations regarding the type of PC you need to successfully record CD-R media, as well as the type of CD-R media that you should use in their CD recorder. If you follow these recommendations, the speed that you record (’2x’ thru ’8x’) produces an identical CD. If your PC system can not support the data throughput required to drive the CD recorder at its rated speed, then recording at ’2x’ speed is the only way that you can proceed to make your CD.
What does ’4x’ certified mean?
The first CD recorder manufacturer to produce a ’4x’ speed recorder was Yamaha and they actively encouraged the CD-R media manufacturers to produce media capable of recording at the ’4x’ recording speed. CD-R media capable of recording at ’4x’ speed were designated ’4x certified’. Today, most of the media can be, and should be, recorded at the HIGHEST speed as improvements to the media are considered industry standards.
Do discs really need to be ’high speed certified’ to work in a quad-spe
https://diarynote.indered.space
コメント